/*
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public 
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either 
 * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
 * GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public 
 * License along with this program; if not, write to the Free 
 * Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, 
 * MA  02111-1307, USA.
 * 
 * http://geosoft.no/software/index.html
 */
package hoi.addrbook.util;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;

/**
 * Browser is a class that provides one static method, openURL, which opens the
 * default web browser for the current user of the system to the given URL. It
 * may support other protocols depending on the system -- mailto, ftp, etc. --
 * but that has not been rigorously tested and is not guaranteed to work.
 * <p>
 * Yes, this is platform-specific code, and yes, it may rely on classes on
 * certain platforms that are not part of the standard JDK. What we're trying to
 * do, though, is to take something that's frequently desirable but inherently
 * platform-specific -- opening a default browser -- and allow programmers (you,
 * for example) to do so without worrying about dropping into native code or
 * doing anything else similarly evil.
 * <p>
 * Anyway, this code is completely in Java and will run on all JDK 1.1-compliant
 * systems without modification or a need for additional libraries. All classes
 * that are required on certain platforms to allow this to run are dynamically
 * loaded at runtime via reflection and, if not found, will not cause this to do
 * anything other than returning an error when opening the browser.
 * <p>
 * There are certain system requirements for this class, as it's running through
 * Runtime.exec(), which is Java's way of making a native system call.
 * Currently, this requires that a Macintosh have a Finder which supports the
 * GURL event, which is true for Mac OS 8.0 and 8.1 systems that have the
 * Internet Scripting AppleScript dictionary installed in the Scripting
 * Additions folder in the Extensions folder (which is installed by default as
 * far as I know under Mac OS 8.0 and 8.1), and for all Mac OS 8.5 and later
 * systems. On Windows, it only runs under Win32 systems (Windows 95, 98, and NT
 * 4.0, as well as later versions of all). On other systems, this drops back
 * from the inherently platform-sensitive concept of a default browser and
 * simply attempts to launch Netscape via a shell command.
 * <p>
 * This code is Copyright 1999-2001 by Eric Albert (ejalbert@cs.stanford.edu)
 * and may be redistributed or modified in any form without restrictions as long
 * as the portion of this comment from this paragraph through the end of the
 * comment is not removed. The author requests that he be notified of any
 * application, applet, or other binary that makes use of this code, but that's
 * more out of curiosity than anything and is not required. This software
 * includes no warranty. The author is not repsonsible for any loss of data or
 * functionality or any adverse or unexpected effects of using this software.
 * <p>
 * Credits: <br>
 * Steven Spencer, JavaWorld magazine (<a
 * href="http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/javatips/jw-javatip66.html"> Java
 * Tip 66</a>) <br>
 * Thanks also to Ron B. Yeh, Eric Shapiro, Ben Engber, Paul Teitlebaum, Andrea
 * Cantatore, Larry Barowski, Trevor Bedzek, Frank Miedrich, and Ron Rabakukk
 * 
 * @author Eric Albert (<a href="mailto:ejalbert@cs.stanford.edu">
 *         ejalbert@cs.stanford.edu</a>)
 * @version 1.4b1 (Released June 20, 2001)
 * 
 * @author <a href="mailto:jacob.dreyer@geosoft.no">Jacob Dreyer</a> Added
 *         methods to the API and adjusted the linux version slightly.
 */
public class Browser {

    /**
     * The Java virtual machine that we are running on. Actually, in most cases
     * we only care about the operating system, but some operating systems
     * require us to switch on the VM.
     */
    private static int jvm;

    /** The browser for the system */
    private static Object browser;

    /**
     * Caches whether any classes, methods, and fields that are not part of the
     * JDK and need to be dynamically loaded at runtime loaded successfully.
     * <p>
     * Note that if this is <code>false</code>, <code>openURL()</code> will
     * always return an IOException.
     */
    private static boolean loadedWithoutErrors;

    /** The com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils class */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private static Class mrjFileUtilsClass;

    /** The com.apple.mrj.MRJOSType class */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private static Class mrjOSTypeClass;

    /** The com.apple.MacOS.AEDesc class */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private static Class aeDescClass;

    /** The <init>(int) method of com.apple.MacOS.AETarget */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private static Constructor aeTargetConstructor;

    /** The <init>(int, int, int) method of com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private static Constructor appleEventConstructor;

    /** The <init>(String) method of com.apple.MacOS.AEDesc */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private static Constructor aeDescConstructor;

    /** The findFolder method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */
    private static Method findFolder;

    /** The getFileCreator method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */
    private static Method getFileCreator;

    /** The getFileType method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */
    private static Method getFileType;

    /** The openURL method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */
    private static Method openURL;

    /** The makeOSType method of com.apple.MacOS.OSUtils */
    private static Method makeOSType;

    /** The putParameter method of com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent */
    private static Method putParameter;

    /** The sendNoReply method of com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent */
    private static Method sendNoReply;

    /** Actually an MRJOSType pointing to the System Folder on a Macintosh */
    private static Object kSystemFolderType;

    /** The keyDirectObject AppleEvent parameter type */
    private static Integer keyDirectObject;

    /** The kAutoGenerateReturnID AppleEvent code */
    private static Integer kAutoGenerateReturnID;

    /** The kAnyTransactionID AppleEvent code */
    private static Integer kAnyTransactionID;

    /** The linkage object required for JDirect 3 on Mac OS X. */
    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    private static Object linkage;

    /** The framework to reference on Mac OS X */
    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    private static final String JDirect_MacOSX = "/System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Frameworks/HIToolbox.framework/HIToolbox";

    /** JVM constant for MRJ 2.0 */
    private static final int MRJ_2_0 = 0;

    /** JVM constant for MRJ 2.1 or later */
    private static final int MRJ_2_1 = 1;

    /** JVM constant for Java on Mac OS X 10.0 (MRJ 3.0) */
    private static final int MRJ_3_0 = 3;

    /** JVM constant for MRJ 3.1 */
    private static final int MRJ_3_1 = 4;

    /** JVM constant for any Windows NT JVM */
    private static final int WINDOWS_NT = 5;

    /** JVM constant for any Windows 9x JVM */
    private static final int WINDOWS_9x = 6;

    /** JVM constant for any other platform */
    private static final int OTHER = -1;

    /**
     * The file type of the Finder on a Macintosh. Hardcoding "Finder" would
     * keep non-U.S. English systems from working properly.
     */
    private static final String FINDER_TYPE = "FNDR";

    /**
     * The creator code of the Finder on a Macintosh, which is needed to send
     * AppleEvents to the application.
     */
    private static final String FINDER_CREATOR = "MACS";

    /** The name for the AppleEvent type corresponding to a GetURL event. */
    private static final String GURL_EVENT = "GURL";

    /**
     * The first parameter that needs to be passed into Runtime.exec() to open
     * the default web browser on Windows.
     */
    private static final String FIRST_WINDOWS_PARAMETER = "/c";

    /** The second parameter for Runtime.exec() on Windows. */
    private static final String SECOND_WINDOWS_PARAMETER = "start";

    /**
     * The third parameter for Runtime.exec() on Windows. This is a "title"
     * parameter that the command line expects. Setting this parameter allows
     * URLs containing spaces to work.
     */
    private static final String THIRD_WINDOWS_PARAMETER = "\"\"";

    /**
     * The shell parameters for Netscape that opens a given URL in an
     * already-open copy of Netscape on many command-line systems.
     */
    private static final String NETSCAPE_REMOTE_PARAMETER = "-remote";
    private static final String NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_START = "openURL(";
    private static final String NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_END = ")";

    /**
     * The message from any exception thrown throughout the initialization
     * process.
     */
    private static String errorMessage;

    /**
     * An initialization block that determines the operating system and loads
     * the necessary runtime data.
     */
    static {
        loadedWithoutErrors = true;
        String osName = System.getProperty("os.name");
        if (osName.startsWith("Mac OS")) {
            String mrjVersion = System.getProperty("mrj.version");
            String majorMRJVersion = mrjVersion.substring(0, 3);
            try {
                double version = Double.valueOf(majorMRJVersion).doubleValue();
                if (version == 2) {
                    jvm = MRJ_2_0;
                } else if (version >= 2.1 && version < 3) {
                    // Assume that all 2.x versions of MRJ work the same.  
                    // MRJ 2.1 actually works via Runtime.exec() and 2.2 supports that 
                    // but has an openURL() method as well that we currently ignore.
                    jvm = MRJ_2_1;
                } else if (version == 3.0) {
                    jvm = MRJ_3_0;
                } else if (version >= 3.1) {
                    // Assume that all 3.1 and later versions of MRJ work the same.
                    jvm = MRJ_3_1;
                } else {
                    loadedWithoutErrors = false;
                    errorMessage = "Unsupported MRJ version: " + version;
                }
            } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
                loadedWithoutErrors = false;
                errorMessage = "Invalid MRJ version: " + mrjVersion;
            }
        } else if (osName.startsWith("Windows")) {
            if (osName.indexOf("9") != -1) {
                jvm = WINDOWS_9x;
            } else {
                jvm = WINDOWS_NT;
            }
        } else {
            jvm = OTHER;
        }

        if (loadedWithoutErrors) { // if we haven't hit any errors yet
            loadedWithoutErrors = loadClasses();
        }
    }

    /**
     * This class should be never be instantiated; this just ensures so.
     */
    private Browser() {
    }

    /**
     * Called by a static initializer to load any classes, fields, and methods
     * required at runtime to locate the user's web browser.
     * 
     * @return <code>true</code> if all intialization succeeded
     *         <code>false</code> if any portion of the initialization failed
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private static boolean loadClasses() {
        switch (jvm) {
        case MRJ_2_0:
            try {
                Class aeTargetClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.AETarget");
                Class osUtilsClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.OSUtils");
                Class appleEventClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent");
                Class aeClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.ae");
                aeDescClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.AEDesc");

                aeTargetConstructor = aeTargetClass.getDeclaredConstructor(new Class[] {
                    int.class });
                appleEventConstructor = appleEventClass.getDeclaredConstructor(new Class[] {
                        int.class, int.class, aeTargetClass, int.class, int.class });
                aeDescConstructor = aeDescClass.getDeclaredConstructor(new Class[] {
                    String.class });

                makeOSType = osUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("makeOSType", new Class[] {
                    String.class });
                putParameter = appleEventClass.getDeclaredMethod("putParameter", new Class[] {
                        int.class, aeDescClass });
                sendNoReply = appleEventClass.getDeclaredMethod("sendNoReply", new Class[] {});

                Field keyDirectObjectField = aeClass.getDeclaredField("keyDirectObject");
                keyDirectObject = (Integer) keyDirectObjectField.get(null);
                Field autoGenerateReturnIDField = appleEventClass.getDeclaredField("kAutoGenerateReturnID");
                kAutoGenerateReturnID = (Integer) autoGenerateReturnIDField.get(null);
                Field anyTransactionIDField = appleEventClass.getDeclaredField("kAnyTransactionID");
                kAnyTransactionID = (Integer) anyTransactionIDField.get(null);
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
                errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();
                return false;
            } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme) {
                errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();
                return false;
            } catch (NoSuchFieldException nsfe) {
                errorMessage = nsfe.getMessage();
                return false;
            } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
                errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
                return false;
            }
            break;

        case MRJ_2_1:
            try {
                mrjFileUtilsClass = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils");
                mrjOSTypeClass = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.MRJOSType");
                Field systemFolderField = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredField("kSystemFolderType");
                kSystemFolderType = systemFolderField.get(null);
                findFolder = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("findFolder", new Class[] {
                    mrjOSTypeClass });
                getFileCreator = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("getFileCreator", new Class[] {
                    File.class });
                getFileType = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("getFileType", new Class[] {
                    File.class });
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
                errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();
                return false;
            } catch (NoSuchFieldException nsfe) {
                errorMessage = nsfe.getMessage();
                return false;
            } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme) {
                errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();
                return false;
            } catch (SecurityException se) {
                errorMessage = se.getMessage();
                return false;
            } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
                errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
                return false;
            }
            break;

        case MRJ_3_0:
            try {
                Class linker = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.jdirect.Linker");
                Constructor constructor = linker.getConstructor(new Class[] {
                    Class.class });
                linkage = constructor.newInstance(new Object[] {
                    Browser.class });
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
                errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();
                return false;
            } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme) {
                errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();
                return false;
            } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
                errorMessage = ite.getMessage();
                return false;
            } catch (InstantiationException ie) {
                errorMessage = ie.getMessage();
                return false;
            } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
                errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
                return false;
            }
            break;

        case MRJ_3_1:
            try {
                mrjFileUtilsClass = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils");
                openURL = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("openURL", new Class[] {
                    String.class });
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
                errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();
                return false;
            } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme) {
                errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();
                return false;
            }
            break;

        default:
            break;
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Attempts to locate the default web browser on the local system. Caches
     * results so it only locates the browser once for each use of this class
     * per JVM instance.
     * 
     * @return The browser for the system. Note that this may not be what you
     *         would consider to be a standard web browser; instead, it's the
     *         application that gets called to open the default web browser. In
     *         some cases, this will be a non-String object that provides the
     *         means of calling the default browser.
     */
    private static Object locateBrowser() {
        if (browser != null) {
            return browser;
        }
        switch (jvm) {
        case MRJ_2_0:
            try {
                Integer finderCreatorCode = (Integer) makeOSType.invoke(null, new Object[] {
                    FINDER_CREATOR });
                Object aeTarget = aeTargetConstructor.newInstance(new Object[] {
                    finderCreatorCode });
                Integer gurlType = (Integer) makeOSType.invoke(null, new Object[] {
                    GURL_EVENT });
                Object appleEvent = appleEventConstructor.newInstance(new Object[] {
                        gurlType, gurlType, aeTarget, kAutoGenerateReturnID, kAnyTransactionID });

                // Don't set browser = appleEvent because then the next time we call
                // locateBrowser(), we'll get the same AppleEvent, to which we'll 
                // already have added the relevant parameter. Instead, regenerate 
                // the AppleEvent every time. There's probably a way to do this 
                // better; if any has any ideas, please let me know.

                return appleEvent;
            } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
                browser = null;
                errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
                return browser;
            } catch (InstantiationException ie) {
                browser = null;
                errorMessage = ie.getMessage();
                return browser;
            } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
                browser = null;
                errorMessage = ite.getMessage();
                return browser;
            }

        case MRJ_2_1:
            File systemFolder;
            try {
                systemFolder = (File) findFolder.invoke(null, new Object[] {
                    kSystemFolderType });
            } catch (IllegalArgumentException iare) {
                browser = null;
                errorMessage = iare.getMessage();
                return browser;
            } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
                browser = null;
                errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
                return browser;
            } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
                browser = null;
                errorMessage = ite.getTargetException().getClass() + ": " + ite.getTargetException().getMessage();
                return browser;
            }

            // Avoid a FilenameFilter because that can't be stopped mid-list
            String[] systemFolderFiles = systemFolder.list();

            for (int i = 0; i < systemFolderFiles.length; i++) {
                try {
                    File file = new File(systemFolder, systemFolderFiles[i]);
                    if (!file.isFile()) {
                        continue;
                    }
                    // We're looking for a file with a creator code of 'MACS' and
                    // a type of 'FNDR'.  Only requiring the type results in non-Finder
                    // applications being picked up on certain Mac OS 9 systems,
                    // especially German ones, and sending a GURL event to those
                    // applications results in a logout under Multiple Users.
                    Object fileType = getFileType.invoke(null, new Object[] {
                        file });
                    if (FINDER_TYPE.equals(fileType.toString())) {
                        Object fileCreator = getFileCreator.invoke(null, new Object[] {
                            file });
                        if (FINDER_CREATOR.equals(fileCreator.toString())) {
                            // Actually the Finder, but that's OK
                            browser = file.toString();
                            return browser;
                        }
                    }
                } catch (IllegalArgumentException iare) {
                    // browser = browser;
                    errorMessage = iare.getMessage();
                    return null;
                } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
                    browser = null;
                    errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
                    return browser;
                } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
                    browser = null;
                    errorMessage = ite.getTargetException().getClass() + ": " + ite.getTargetException().getMessage();
                    return browser;
                }
            }
            browser = null;
            break;

        case MRJ_3_0:
        case MRJ_3_1:
            browser = ""; // Return something non-null
            break;

        case WINDOWS_NT:
            browser = "cmd.exe";
            break;

        case WINDOWS_9x:
            browser = "command.com";
            break;

        case OTHER:
        default:
            browser = "netscape";
            break;
        }

        return browser;
    }

    /**
     * Open the specified file in the client web browser.
     * 
     * @param file
     *            File to open
     * @throws IOException
     *             If there is brwoser problem.
     * 
     */
    public static void openUrl(File file) throws IOException {
        openUrl("file://" + file.getPath());
    }

    /**
     * Open the specified URL in the client web browser.
     * 
     * @param url
     *            URL to open.
     * @throws IOException
     *             If there is brwoser problem.
     */
    public static void openUrl(URL url) throws IOException {
        openUrl(url.toString());
    }

    /**
     * Open the specified URL in the client web browser.
     * 
     * @param url
     *            URL to open.
     * @throws IOException
     *             If there is brwoser problem.
     */
    public static void openUrl(String url) throws IOException {
        if (!loadedWithoutErrors) {
            throw new IOException("Exception in finding browser: " + errorMessage);
        }
        Object browser = locateBrowser();
        if (browser == null) {
            throw new IOException("Unable to locate browser: " + errorMessage);
        }

        switch (jvm) {
        case MRJ_2_0:
            Object aeDesc = null;
            try {
                aeDesc = aeDescConstructor.newInstance(new Object[] {
                    url });
                putParameter.invoke(browser, new Object[] {
                        keyDirectObject, aeDesc });
                sendNoReply.invoke(browser, new Object[] {});
            } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
                throw new IOException("InvocationTargetException while creating AEDesc: " + ite.getMessage());
            } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
                throw new IOException("IllegalAccessException while building AppleEvent: " + iae.getMessage());
            } catch (InstantiationException ie) {
                throw new IOException("InstantiationException while creating AEDesc: " + ie.getMessage());
            } finally {
                aeDesc = null; // Encourage it to get disposed if it was created
                browser = null; // Ditto
            }
            break;

        case MRJ_2_1:
            Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[] {
                    (String) browser, url });
            break;

        case MRJ_3_0:
            int[] instance = new int[1];
            int result = ICStart(instance, 0);
            if (result == 0) {
                int[] selectionStart = new int[] {
                    0 };
                byte[] urlBytes = url.getBytes();
                int[] selectionEnd = new int[] {
                    urlBytes.length };
                result = ICLaunchURL(instance[0], new byte[] {
                    0 }, urlBytes, urlBytes.length, selectionStart, selectionEnd);
                if (result == 0) {
                    // Ignore the return value; the URL was launched successfully
                    // regardless of what happens here.
                    ICStop(instance);
                } else {
                    throw new IOException("Unable to launch URL: " + result);
                }
            } else {
                throw new IOException("Unable to create an Internet Config instance: " + result);
            }
            break;

        case MRJ_3_1:
            try {
                openURL.invoke(null, new Object[] {
                    url });
            } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
                throw new IOException("InvocationTargetException while calling openURL: " + ite.getMessage());
            } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
                throw new IOException("IllegalAccessException while calling openURL: " + iae.getMessage());
            }
            break;

        case WINDOWS_NT:
        case WINDOWS_9x:
            // Add quotes around the URL to allow ampersands and other special
            // characters to work.
            Process process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[] {
                    (String) browser, FIRST_WINDOWS_PARAMETER, SECOND_WINDOWS_PARAMETER, THIRD_WINDOWS_PARAMETER, '"' + url + '"' });

            // This avoids a memory leak on some versions of Java on Windows.
            // That's hinted at in <http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/qow/
            // archive/68/>.
            try {
                process.waitFor();
                process.exitValue();
            } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
                throw new IOException("InterruptedException while launching browser: " + ie.getMessage());
            }
            break;

        case OTHER:
            // Assume that we're on Unix and that Netscape is installed
            // First, attempt to open the URL in a currently running session of 
            // Netscape
            String command = browser.toString() + " -raise " + NETSCAPE_REMOTE_PARAMETER + " " + NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_START + url + NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_END;

            process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(command);

            try {
                int exitCode = process.waitFor();
                if (exitCode != 0) { // if Netscape was not open
                    Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[] {
                            (String) browser, url });
                }
            } catch (InterruptedException exception) {
                exception.printStackTrace();
                throw new IOException("InterruptedException while launching browser: " + exception.getMessage());
            }
            break;
        default:
            // This should never occur, but if it does, we'll try the simplest 
            // thing possible
            Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[] {
                    (String) browser, url });
            break;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Methods required for Mac OS X. The presence of native methods does not
     * cause any problems on other platforms.
     */
    private native static int ICStart(int[] instance, int signature);

    private native static int ICStop(int[] instance);

    private native static int ICLaunchURL(int instance, byte[] hint, byte[] data, int len, int[] selectionStart, int[] selectionEnd);

    /**
     * http://www.centerkey.com/java/browser/
     * 
     * @param url
     * @throws Exception
     */
    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //  Bare Bones Browser Launch                          //
    //  Version 1.5 (December 10, 2005)                    //
    //  By Dem Pilafian                                    //
    //  Supports: Mac OS X, GNU/Linux, Unix, Windows XP    //
    //  Example Usage:                                     //
    //     String url = "http://www.centerkey.com/";       //
    //     BareBonesBrowserLaunch.openURL(url);            //
    //  Public Domain Software -- Free to Use as You Like  //
    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static void openURL(String url) throws Exception {
        String osName = System.getProperty("os.name");
        if (osName.startsWith("Mac OS")) {
            Class fileMgr = Class.forName("com.apple.eio.FileManager");
            Method openURL = fileMgr.getDeclaredMethod("openURL", new Class[] {
                String.class });
            openURL.invoke(null, new Object[] {
                url });
        } else if (osName.startsWith("Windows"))
            Runtime.getRuntime().exec("rundll32 url.dll,FileProtocolHandler " + url);
        else { // assume Unix or Linux
            String[] browsers = {
                    "firefox", "opera", "konqueror", "epiphany", "mozilla", "netscape" };
            String browser = null;
            for (int count = 0; count < browsers.length && browser == null; count++)
                if (Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[] {
                        "which", browsers[count] }).waitFor() == 0)
                    browser = browsers[count];
            if (browser == null)
                throw new Exception("Could not find web browser");
            else
                Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[] {
                        browser, url });
        }
    }
}
